What happens when: (10) Sulphur and nitrogen oxides dissolve in the water of the rains؟
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Acid rain forms.
When sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) dissolve in rainwater, they undergo chemical reactions that form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃), respectively. This results in what is commonly known as **acid rain**.
Here's a breakdown of the process:
**1. Dissolution and Reaction of Sulfur Oxides (SOx):**
* **SO₂ (Sulfur Dioxide) dissolves in water (H₂O):** SO₂(g) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₂SO₃(aq)
* Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water to form sulfurous acid (H₂SO₃).
* **Sulfurous acid oxidizes to Sulfuric acid:** 2H₂SO₃(aq) + O₂(aq) → 2H₂SO₄(aq)
* Sulfurous acid is further oxidized by oxygen in the atmosphere or dissolved in the water to form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). This oxidation can be catalyzed by various substances like metal ions or ozone.
**2. Dissolution and Reaction of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):**
* **NO₂ (Nitrogen Dioxide) dissolves in water (H₂O):** 2NO₂(g) + H₂O(l) → HNO₂(aq) + HNO₃(aq)
* Nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to form nitrous acid (HNO₂) and nitric acid (HNO₃).
* **Nitrous acid further oxidizes into Nitric acid** 2HNO₂(aq) + O₂(aq) → 2HNO₃(aq)
**Overall Outcome (Acid Rain):**
* The presence of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃) significantly lowers the pH of the rainwater, making it acidic. Normal rainwater is slightly acidic (around pH 5.6) due to dissolved carbon dioxide. Acid rain can have a pH as low as 4.3 or even lower in severely polluted areas.
**Environmental Consequences of Acid Rain:**
Acid rain has numerous harmful effects on the environment:
* **Acidification of Lakes and Streams:** Acid rain can lower the pH of lakes and streams, harming aquatic life, including fish, amphibians, and invertebrates. Many organisms cannot survive in highly acidic waters.
* **Damage to Forests:** Acid rain can damage tree leaves, weaken trees, and make them more susceptible to disease, pests, and harsh weather. It also leaches essential nutrients from the soil, further harming trees.
* **Damage to Buildings and Monuments:** Acid rain corrodes stone and metal structures, including buildings, monuments, and statues made of limestone, marble, and bronze.
* **Soil Acidification:** Acid rain can acidify soils, which can harm plants and soil microorganisms. It also mobilizes toxic metals like aluminum in the soil, which can be harmful to plants and enter the food chain.
* **Human Health Effects:** While direct exposure to acid rain is generally not a direct health threat, the pollutants that cause acid rain (SOx and NOx) can contribute to respiratory problems like asthma and bronchitis. Acid rain can also contaminate drinking water sources with heavy metals leached from pipes and soil.
In summary, the dissolution of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in rainwater leads to the formation of sulfuric and nitric acids, resulting in acid rain, which has widespread and detrimental effects on the environment and, indirectly, on human health.
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